73 Startling Details About Johnson Grass Removal

This time, we’re going to talk about How To Eliminate Johnson Grass. There is a lot of information about Will 24D Kill Johnson Grass on the internet, of course. Social media are getting better and better quickly, which makes it easier for us to learn new things.

What Kills Johnson Grass But Not Fescue and How To Get Rid Of Johnson Grass In My Lawn are also linked to information about how to get rid of johnson grass organically. As for other things that need to be looked up, they are about How To Get Rid Of Johnson Grass In Hay Field and have something to do with how to remove johnson grass from hay field.

73 Shocking Facts About How To Eliminate Johnson Grass | Will 24D Kill Johnson Grass

• Row crops are typically planted in pastures that have been severely infected. Uncontrolled johnsongrass seed and vegetative invasion into fields is a typical sources of johnsongrass seed. To eradicate these potential seed and rhizome reservoirs, use spot sprays on fences and ditch banks. - Source: Internet
• In addition to johnsongrass, the following initiatives aim to eradicate additional undesirable weeds. These initiatives, on the other hand, are intended for areas where present approaches fail to properly manage johnsongrass. Growers must be careful and use control measures as frequently as required in order for them to be successful. - Source: Internet
• Continuous soybean production in river and stream bottoms is an excellent example of this sort of system. Crop rotation is critical for reducing the amount of johnsongrass and other weeds’ seed and rhizome development by disrupting their physical habitat. In order to reduce the selection pressure on herbicide-resistant biotypes, herbicide rotation is essential. - Source: Internet
• Rhizome johnsongrass is suppressed by heavy tillage. The rhizomes of johnsongrass may be broken and dispersed by moderate tillage. The development of Johnsongrass in genuine no-till systems is sluggish, but if left unchecked, it may quickly become a major problem. - Source: Internet
• Physiology: Several physiological characteristics of Johnsongrass aid in its spread. Mature Johnsongrass plants are moderately drought resistant [6] and salt tolerant [207]. Johnsongrass produces toxins (see Toxicity) that may be allelopathic [96,135,196]. - Source: Internet
• When plants begin to sprout in the spring, you can pull the weed out by hand . Use a hand trowel or sharp weeder to loosen the rhizomes and roots. When pulling the Johnsongrass in your lawn, remove all of the roots and rhizomes, don’t just cut them off. - Source: Internet
• Herbicide Trade Name Labeled Crops Rate Grazing Restrictions Balan DF™ Alfalfa and clover 2 to 2.5 lbs/A No grazing restrictions Outrider® Bermudagrass, Bahiagrass, and pastures west of the Mississippi River 0.75 to 2 oz/A No grazing restrictions Pastora® Bermudagrass 1 to 1.5 oz/A Do not graze until plants are dry Plateau® All Pastures 2 to 12 oz/A No grazing restrictions Roundup PowerMAX® Alfalfa (RR), bermudagrass, fescue, winter wheat, and others 8 to 44 fl oz/A Restrictions dependent on application timing. READ LABEL - Source: Internet
• Aside from its overly competitive nature, johnsongrass has some other qualities that deserve attention. It is high on the list of prussic acid (hydrogen cyanide) producers under stressful conditions. Dry, cloudy conditions; herbicide exposure; drought; and frost can all induce higher prussic acid levels in plant tissues. - Source: Internet
• During the hottest part of the summer, spread clear plastic tarps across the area with Johnsongrass. Secure the tarps and leave them in place for four to six weeks. The idea is to create a hot environment where the Johnsongrass can’t survive. Be advised that this will likely kill your existing grass as well. - Source: Internet
• Johnson grass or Johnsongrass, Sorghum halepense, is a plant in the grass family, Poaceae, native to Asia and northern Africa.[1] The plant has been introduced to all continents except Antarctica, and most larger islands and archipelagos. It reproduces by rhizomes and seeds. - Source: Internet
• Johnsongrass has some desirable forage characteristics. In grazing and palatability studies at the Noble Research Institute (Ardmore, Okla.), johnsongrass was shown to be a preferred species by grazing yearling steers. - Source: Internet
• Keep the Johnson grass plants mowed as low to the ground as possible. This will weaken the plant and keep the stalks from producing seed heads. In a large hayfield that may entail using a hand held sickle or scythe blade to keep the plants in check prior to hay harvest. Remove the tops of the plants from the field if there are any signs of seed head development. - Source: Internet
• Cultivate the rhizomes of the Johnson grass in late fall to early winter with the disc cultivator. Breaking up the plants and exposing the rhizomes to freezing temperatures will kill the root system. This may not be possible with established hay fields and should only be done when the Johnson grass has taken over the field. In cases such as these, the field will have to be re-planted for a new hay crop. - Source: Internet
• Johnson grass (Sorghum halenense) is a perennial grass weed that reduces crop yield in cotton, grain, soybeans and other forages. According to the U.S. National Forest Service, the troublesome grass is among the top 10 noxious weeds in the world because of its negative ecological effects. Although chemical methods of killing the grass exist, instead consider environmentally safe and organic alternatives that do not have a harmful impact on the soil. - Source: Internet
• In other words, it’s most harmful when under stress. Signs of Johnsongrass poisoning include anxiety, labored breathing, convulsions, and increased pulse rate. Death can occur if lethal levels of Johnsongrass are consumed. Consult your veterinarian immediately if you suspect an animal has eaten Johnsongrass. - Source: Internet
• Prior to the formation of a seed head, this grass can be mistaken for barnyardgrass and/or fall panicum as all three grasses have leaves with prominent midveins. However, the ligules, or thin structures that occur at the junction between the leaf and stem, are membranous on Johnsongrass, consist of a fringe of hairs on fall panicum, and are altogether absent on barnyardgrass (Figure 4). Additionally, both barnyardgrass and fall panicum lack rhizomes. - Source: Internet
• Every yard gets weeds at some point, so weed removal goes with the territory. But when that weed is an invasive plant that is tough to control, it’s another story altogether. Learn how to get rid of Johnsongrass, a noxious weed that grows fast, spreads even quicker, and can be hard to remove. - Source: Internet
• It is also important to note that glyphosate-resistant (group 9) biotypes of Johnsongrass have been reported in nine U.S. states, and also that Johnsongrass populations with resistance to Group 2 ACCase-inhibiting herbicides (SelectMax, Assure II, Fusilade, etc.) occur in at least five states. - Source: Internet
• Hand-pulling Johnsongrass usually leaves rhizome pieces behind in the soil, stimulating sprouting. It is not an effective control method unless all rhizomes are removed or new sprouts are controlled [104,169]. Best results are obtained in early spring when soil in moist and rhizomes are least likely to break [169]. - Source: Internet
• My first experience with johnsongrass was in the late 1970s while working on a farm in southern Illinois. The species was starting to take hold in the area. Anytime we saw a patch of johnsongrass, be it field or road ditch, it got spot-sprayed with glyphosate in relatively short order. This action was driven by the horror stories of others who had chosen to let this warm-season, rhizomatous grass have its way. - Source: Internet
• According to the University of California Integrated Pest Management , soil solarization—heating the soil using the sun—can help control weeds and pests without chemicals. For getting rid of Johnsongrass, this method is most effective if the rhizomes of the Johnsongrass are visibly closer to the surface. Alternatively, you can use it after tilling. - Source: Internet
• And that’s not the only reason Johnsongrass is hard to contain. In addition to the invading rhizomes, each flower on the plant produces hundreds of seeds. Even worse, the seeds remain viable for more than 10 years in the ground, according to the Missouri University Extension . - Source: Internet
• The simplest strategy to manage johnsongrass is to prevent it from spreading to new locations. This weed may spread in a variety of ways. A single cultural management method or herbicide treatment will seldom be sufficient to eradicate johnsongrass since it is a perennial weed. - Source: Internet
• The success or failure of a control program hinges on the success or failure of these goals. The herbicides may be used to destroy the weeds and inhibit seed formation in limited infestations. Johnsongrass should be eradicated as soon as it appears, rather than waiting until it has taken over the whole field. - Source: Internet
• Johnson grass grows in pasture, disturbed wasteland and roadsides, and where land is cultivated. In the past, this weed was present on as many as 80 sites in several regions from Northland to Canterbury. It was a common contaminant in maize crops and because harvested maize was often transported by train, there were several Johnson grass detections in railway land. - Source: Internet
• Given a choice, most livestock producers would prefer not to have to deal with johnsongrass because it’s such a difficult species to keep under control. However, in many cases, that horse has left the barn and keeping the species in check has become the next best alternative. Grazing strategies, pasture renovation, herbicides, and mechanical clipping can all be effective control tools. - Source: Internet
• Biomass and height of Johnsongrass seedlings Date (1959) Days after emergence Green weight (g) Height (in) Rhizome length (ft) Leaves Rhizomes Roots Seedhead May 20 20 12 2 3 —-* 12 —- May 27 27 190 30 30 —- 23 <1 June 15 46 690 90 100 —- 52 7 July 1 62 1990 750 220 180 74 35 Sept. 1 124 2950 5050 360 500 74 153 Sept. 29 152 3140 8070 430 680 74 212 Biomass and height of Johnsongrass rhizome sprouts May 20 19 9 3 3 —- 9 —- May 27 26 80 14 20 —- 13 <1 June 3 33 530 100 40 —- 30 1 June 15 45 610 110 130 —- 47 5 June 19 49 590 310 160 9 70 9 June 24 54 950 220 160 74 72 14 *Not present. - Source: Internet
• In a single growing season, a single plant may generate up to 80,000 seeds and 275 feet of rhizomes. Seeds are readily broken and fall to the ground underneath the plants from whence they originate. Seeds may stay dormant for many years before sprouting rather than germinating consistently. Johnsongrass seeds may stay viable in the soil for more than a decade. ‘ - Source: Internet
• Asexual regeneration : Once a population of Johnsongrass is established, most population growth is from asexual regeneration by rhizomes [96]. Throughout most of their North American range, Johnsongrass populations are strongly rhizomatous [49,71,122,184,201]. Some Johnsongrass populations are weakly rhizomatous or nonrhizomatous, especially at the species’ distributional limits [61,197,198]. Rhizome expression in Johnsongrass is apparently controlled by multiple, dominant genes, resulting in variable degrees of rhizome development in both Johnsongrass and its hybrids [209]. Extreme temperatures also inhibit Johnsongrass’s ability to produce rhizomes [85,175]. - Source: Internet
• Cultural: Little information is available on cultural methods of control for Johnsongrass. An Arizona study using integrated pest management, including native bunchgrass plantings, showed some success in controlling Johnsongrass (see grazing in the Biological control section above). Additional studies incorporating cultural control of Johnsongrass are needed. - Source: Internet
• Using herbicides will not be enough to get rid of Johnsongrass completely. Look for post-emergent herbicides that specifically list Johnsongrass as one of the weeds it will help control. Be mindful that some herbicides can kill off grass and surrounding landscaping, so be careful when applying it. - Source: Internet
• In early 20th century Talladega County (Alabama), feelings about Johnson grass were mixed. It was considered a nutritious, palatable and productive forage, but many farmers still found it undesirable. Fields of this grass fell into a “sod bound” state of insufficient new growth unless they were plowed every two or three seasons.[11] - Source: Internet
• Currently, Johnsongrass is the only grass listed on the Missouri Department of Agriculture’s noxious weeds list. This perennial grass can reach over 6 feet in height, is found throughout the U.S., from Massachusetts to Florida to southern California, and can live in habitats ranging from roadside ditches to pastures to agronomic crop fields (Figure 1). - Source: Internet
• Put the vinegar in a spray bottle and apply it straight to the weed. Keep in mind that vinegar will burn your turfgrass as well. Target the plants as directly as possible with the spray bottle, and avoid applying on a windy day. You may want to wear gloves to avoid having the vinegar smell on your hands the rest of the day. - Source: Internet
• Upland fields and lush bottomlands along the stream and river banks are typical habitats for Johnsongrass. Water from irrigation ditches carries seeds from johnsongrass-infested banks. johnsongrass may quickly spread to a new site and become a major nuisance. Seeds and rhizomes may be dispersed by tillage machinery and birds. - Source: Internet
• One of the most effective herbicide treatments for this weed is glyphosate. If the plants have been cut off with a sickle mower or combine, make sure to wait for the plants to resume active growth before treatment. Field infestations of Johnsongrass should also be minimized by actively controlling the Johnsongrass in the non-planted areas surrounding the field and by driving field equipment around weedy patches instead of through them. - Source: Internet
• Like any plant, Johnsongrass needs sunshine and water to grow. If you can cut off the source of both, you may be able to essentially smother the Johnsongrass in your lawn. Spread newspaper across the lawn and secure it so it won’t blow away. You may want to double or triple layer the newspaper. Leave it in place for two to four weeks. - Source: Internet
• Moisture regime: Although Johnsongrass occurs in wet to dry habitats in its native range in southern Europe [184], it is generally restricted to wet or mesic sites in the United States [72,93,201]. It is most common in warm, humid southern climates that receive ample summer rainfall. Johnsongrass is a facultative wetland species, frequently occurring on floodplains [18,19]. Johnsongrass patches are often extensive along canals and irrigation ditches [96]. In arid sites such as Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, Arizona, Johnsongrass establishes mostly in wet locations including washes, drainages, and stream edges [61,177]. - Source: Internet
• Spot burning with a gas torch was once a widely practiced method of controlling patches of Johnsongrass. It is rarely used today due to cost restraints [127], but may be useful in riparian or other areas where spot control is needed. In Arizona, a Johnsongrass infestation along a canal bank was controlled by torching plants with a propane burner. Eleven burnings at 2-week intervals controlled top growth. No regrowth of Johnsongrass occurred the following season [86]. - Source: Internet
• Old fields: Johnsongrass is particularly common on old bottomland fields in the South [3,17,18]. Unlike most crop weeds, which tend to decrease in the absence of irrigation and fertilization, Johnsongrass tends to persist on abandoned fields. For example, in Georgia it was prevalent in 1-, 4-, and 8-year-old fertilized crop fields, but was also prevalent in 8-year-old fallow fields [139]. - Source: Internet
• Habitat: Johnsongrass is often found growing in nutrient-rich soil but can survive in any type of soil, though it is not tolerant to flooding (McWhorter 1972). It is often found in arable lands, meadows, waste places, roadsides, and field borders, and along irrigated canals and edges of irrigated fields. It is an occasional weed in nursery containers but primarily problematic in noncrop areas such as walkways, aisles, and other disturbed sites. In landscapes, it can be found in planting beds in and around ornamental plants. - Source: Internet
• With its capacity to generate seeds and rhizomes, johnsongrass has become one of the most invasive weeds in the world. The rhizomes of this plant may be found in the first 10 inches of soil, but they can also be found at depths of up to 5 feet. Seed and rhizomes are the primary means of propagation for Johnsongrass; seedlings may begin rhizomes within 19 days after emergence. - Source: Internet
• Johnsongrass produces rhizomes, which are root-like structures that spread underground and are the vegetative structures from which new shoots emerge (Figure 2). Johnsongrass also forms large seed heads. These seed heads, or panicles, have a purple tint, and the seeds are approximately 3 millimeters to 5 millimeters in length (just under 1/8th of an inch). One plant can produce as many as 80,000 seeds in one year. - Source: Internet
• Herbicide treatments greatly decreased Johnsongrass cover in an Illinois bottomland old field. Restoration treatments included tillage, pre- or postemergent herbicide applications (sulfometuron or glyphosate, respectively), and green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) plantings. Tillage had no significant impact on Johnsongrass cover. Mean Johnsongrass cover (%) was significantly lower after the 1st postspray year [76]: - Source: Internet
• Like reed canarygrass, johnsongrass has made its way onto many states’ noxious weeds’ list. It is extremely competitive and can quickly overtake a field or pasture if left to its own devices. These days, many livestock producers choose to keep johnsongrass populations to tolerable levels rather than eliminate the species, which has become difficult to impossible. - Source: Internet
• The vast, jagged-edged membrane-like ligule that forms is key to distinguishing the vegetative stage. Shattercane and Johnsongrass are two similar-looking plants. Shattercane is an annual grass; therefore, it lacks rhizomes, which is the most noticeable difference. - Source: Internet
• Although intolerant of heavy grazing, Johnsongrass is a good pasture grass and makes fair-quality hay when cut in the boot stage [170,191]. Livestock make moderate to good use of fresh Johnsongrass [87,91]. In a comparison of Texas range grasses, Johnsongrass showed greatest in-vitro digestibility (45%-69%, depending on the digestion media) of 5 grasses tested [116]. Dairy cattle in Alabama showed good weight gain and milk production on Johnsongrass pasture [87]. - Source: Internet
• The origins of Johnsongrass introduction in the U.S. are debated, however, the consensus is that the seed was introduced as a forage crop in the 19th century. The end of the Civil War may have aided in the weeds rapid movement across the country as authorities ordered that the grass be planted in eroded soils that had been fallow during the war. Regardless of when Johnsongrass actually spread, the control and eradication of this weed has been challenging ever since. - Source: Internet
• Postemergent herbicides are the most common method of Johnsongrass control in agricultural systems, and are probably the best herbicide choice for wildland settings as well, since postemergent herbicides cause less damage to nontarget species. In a Maryland old-field study, foliar application of postemergence herbicide (DPX-V9360) was more effective in late-growth stages (>5 leaves) than early-growth stages (<5 leaves) when rhizomes had not fully expanded [138]. Rosales-Robles and others [158] discuss the relative effectiveness of several postemergent herbicides as influenced by application rate and Johnsongrass growth stage. Application procedures for postemergent herbicides effective on Johnsongrass are given in these publications: [20,51,119,208]. - Source: Internet
• The following description of Johnsongrass provides characteristics that may be relevant to fire ecology, and is not meant for identification. Keys for identification are available (e.g., [72,93,94,96,111,149,176,194]). - Source: Internet
• Germination: Johnsongrass has 2 mechanisms of dormancy: mechanical dormancy imposed by the seed hull and seedcoat, which requires weathering or scarification to break; and chemical dormancy, which requires oxygen to break [100]. Diurnal fluctuations in temperature, afterripening, or both are needed to overcome both types of dormancy [26,26,64,99,181]. Seed from water-stressed plants is generally less dormant than seed from amply watered plants [23]. Benech and others [25] present a model predicting loss of seed dormancy and consequent seedling emergence based on soil temperature. - Source: Internet
• Fire regimes: As of this writing (2004), there was no published information on how North American fire regimes affect Johnsongrass. In riparian and other areas where Johnsongrass is highly productive, Johnsongrass may promote fire spread by increasing fine fuel loads above historical levels. Studies are needed on the fire ecology of Johnsongrass in North American. - Source: Internet
• In summary, johnsongrass has been grazed for over 150 years and can still be nutritional forage for your cattle. However, be aware of the cultural and environmental issues that may cause toxicity with the grass. Neglecting the danger can result in the death of livestock. If you would like to remove the threat, treatment options exist, especially for bermudagrass and bahiagrass pastures. - Source: Internet
• In areas where Johnsongrass grows as a facultative annual, it shows variable ability to regenerate from seed. Johnsongrass annuals in rural-interface wildlands of southern Arizona rarely reproduce either from on-site seed or from rhizomes. Seed dispersed from adjacent agricultural lands provide continual sources of seed [61]. However, some annual populations in the northern portion of Johnsongrass’s range successfully reproduce from seed. In southern Ontario, northern Ohio, and northern New York, annual populations have larger leaves, inflorescences, and seeds compared to perennial Johnsongrass populations [198]. - Source: Internet
• The shattercane leaf blade, which may be as big as 3 inches, is usually significantly larger than the 0.8-inch-wide johnsongrass leaf blade. Rhizomes coated in orange scales are also seen in Johnsongrass, which has a typical fibrous root structure. - Source: Internet
• Extension specialists warn producers to keep cattle off pastures containing johnsongrass for at least a week following a frost. This becomes even more important with rising densities of the species within the pasture. As plant tissues dry, prussic acid levels will decline to safe levels. - Source: Internet
• Most producers prefer to control Johnsongrass in their pastures due to the management considerations previously described. Improved forages exist that have faster growth rates than Johnsongrass with no poisoning concerns. Prevention of Johnsongrass is the best line of defense against unwanted plants in pastures. Prevention practices include using weed-free seed, avoiding driving machinery through Johnsongrass stands, cleaning equipment after moving from an infested area and managing field margins. If Johnsongrass does become established; cultural, mechanical and chemical tools can be effective. - Source: Internet
• Fire scarification appears to have no effect on rate of seed germination, and very high temperatures kill Johnsongrass seed. In the laboratory, there were no significant differences in rates of germination between unheated Johnsongrass seed and seed heated to 200 ° F ( 90 °C) and 400 ° F (200 °C) for 120 seconds; mean germination rate was 52%. Mean germination rate dropped to 17% for seed exposed to 660 ° F (350 °C) and to 0% for seed exposed to 800 ° F ( 430 ° C) and 1000 ° F (538 ° C) for 120 seconds [131]. - Source: Internet
• If johnsongrass is to be used as a forage resource in times of short feed supplies such as during drought conditions, it needs to be grazed between 6 and 18 inches. Once the species matures and develops a seedhead, forage quality drops rapidly and cattle will avoid the older tillers. Further, johnsongrass is a prolific seed producer; thoughtful grazing management will keep additional seeds from being added to the soil. - Source: Internet
• The 1889 book The Useful Native Plants of Australia records that Sorghum halepense is a “strong, erect-growing species, varying from two to ten feet high, succulent when young, a splendid grass for a cattle run, though not much sought after by sheep. It is a free seeder. The settlers on the banks of the Hawkesbury (New South Wales) look upon it as a recent importation, and seed of it has been distributed under the name of Panicum speciabile. (WooUs) Coast of Queensland, New South Wales, and Western Australia."[13] - Source: Internet
• This method doesn’t work well with mature Johnsongrass—remember, it can grow up to 8 feet in maturity. It can also get messy if you live somewhere that gets a lot of rain, as the newspaper will be a soggy mess and start to break down. Keep the weather in mind should you choose this course of action to get rid of Johnsongrass. - Source: Internet
• Johnsongrass control involves several steps: 1) preventing seed from ripening and dispersing, 2) killing seedlings, 3) killing existing rhizomes, and 4) preventing growth of new rhizomes [9,80,84,127,180]. Control is most effective before plants have developed 5 leaves [101]. Detailed Johnsongrass control procedures and techniques are given in several publications [96,127,135]. - Source: Internet
• Control: Although considerable information is available on controlling Johnsongrass in agricultural settings (e.g., see [9,80,84,127,180]), information on controlling Johnsongrass in rangelands, natural areas, and other wildlands is lacking. The following information on Johnsongrass control is extracted primarily from agricultural literature but may be applied to some wildland settings, particularly old fields. Research is needed on controlling Johnsongrass in wildland settings [135]. - Source: Internet
• There is little threat of cyanide poisoning from johnsongrass hay that’s been cured properly. However, nitrate poisoning from fed hay is still possible. It’s a smart move to get the johnsongrass hay tested prior to feeding. Your local cooperative extension service can assist you in this area. - Source: Internet
• Grazing johnsongrass is certainly possible for ruminant livestock when the grass is not under stress or after the grass has recovered from environmental stress. Following drought stress, wait at least five days after good rainfall has occurred before grazing. Johnsongrass forage killed back by a heavy frost should be avoided for at least two weeks. - Source: Internet
• Your best bet for controlling Johnsongrass in your lawn is to use multiple strategies when tackling this weed. The good news is that all of the methods are relatively inexpensive, though you may pay in some sweat equity. Contact a local lawn treatment company if you need help. - Source: Internet
• Johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.] is a warm-season perennial grass and one of the most persistent and troublesome weeds in the southern United States (Mueller et al. 1993). This EDIS publication was developed to help commercial nursery growers, landscapers, and other green industry professionals identify and manage johnsongrass. - Source: Internet
• Shade tolerance: Johnsongrass requires open sites and does not persist under closed canopies [77,190]. In a honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa) Texas savanna, Johnsongrass associated with Texas wintergrass (Nassella lecotricha) in open areas but was not found under honey mesquite or other trees [190]. In Argentina grasslands, canopy removal increased Johnsongrass germination and establishment compared to closed-canopy sites [25]. - Source: Internet
• Mature Johnsongrass plants have rhizomes that can run 5 to 6 feet (horizontally). The younger plants will likely have rhizomes that run a few inches in either direction. The roots will likewise be about 10 inches deep when the plant is young, but can grow as much as 5 feet in depth. - Source: Internet
• Johnsongrass produces seed about 2 months after initiation of spring rhizome expansion [151]. Even 1st-year Johnsongrass plants are capable of quick flowering and seed set: Plants in Mississippi initiated flowers 46 days after seedling emergence [125]. Bridges and Chandler [35] present a model for predicting Johnsongrass flowering under fluctuating field temperatures, with nitrogen fertilization, and with irrigation. Holshouser and Chandler [97,98] provide temperature-dependent models for predicting flowering, germination, rhizome bud break, and rhizome sprouting under field conditions. - Source: Internet
• A genetic study employing microsatellite markers has investigated Johnsongrass populations across 12 US states and confirmed that the weed was introduced to US from Alabama and North Carolina. Moreover, the study also detected an unreported independent introduction from Arizona. After trans-continental railroad building the two founding populations began to intermix at around Texas shifting diversity from centers of introduction.[12] - Source: Internet
• Wear proper PPE, including gloves, a mask, and protective eyewear. The Missouri Department of Conservation advises never spraying so heavily that herbicide drips off the plant. They also recommend applying herbicide by backing away from the application area so you don’t walk through grass that may have chemicals on it. - Source: Internet
• While Johnsongrass control in pastures and near agricultural crops may be the biggest concern, it can also take over lawns and residential yards. It tends to start up where the soil has been disturbed, such as freshly planted lawns or the edges of flower beds. It’s important to maintain the health of your lawn so Johnsongrass can’t take over. - Source: Internet

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